Certificate Server Status Information


certificate-server-status-information

Certificate Server includes a server database that maintains status information and a log of all issued certificates and certificate revocation lists (CRLs). The database is composed of two parts, the Server Log and the Server Queue.

Server Log

Stores all certificates and CRLs issued by the server so administrators can track, audit, and archive server activity. Also, the server log is used by the server engine to store pending revocations before publishing them in the CRL. The server log also stores recent certificate requests for a configurable period in case a problem encountered when issuing a certificate. The server log is administered using the Certificate Log Utility.

Server Queue

Maintains status information (receipt, parsing, authorization, signing, dispatch) as the server processes a certificate request. The server queue is administered using the Certificate Queue Utility.

Microsoft Certificate Server maintains a Server Database divided into two parts, the Server Queue and the Server Log. A record of all certificate requests received in the Server Queue and copies of all issued certificates kept in the Server Log. Certificate Server includes administration tools that can be used to view and manage the Server Database.

The Certificate Server administration tools are Web-based. You access the tools by browsing to the Certificate Server virtual root. This page contains links to the Certificate Server Administration Tools and Documentation Web pages. From this page, select either the Certificate Administration Log Utility or the Certificate Administration Queue Utility.

The Certificate Administration Log Utility generates Web pages that allow the administrator to manage certificates and CRLs in the Server Log. When the utility is started, the browser will display the Certificate Log Administration Web page. Initially, this page will display a list view of the beginning of the certificate data in the Server Log. Each row contains a database record for a certificate, and the rows appear in the order the certificates created.

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Revoke a certificate – Windows Hosting


revoke-a-certificate

  1.  Run Certificate Administration Log Utility. The browser display window will contain a list of certificates in the Server Log.
  2. If the desired certificate is displayed in the current page, double-click it. If the desired certificate is not displayed in the current page, click until the page containing the desired certificate is displayed, then double-click the desired certificate.
  3. The certificate will he displayed in form view. Click Revoke Certificate to revoke the certificate, and then click Re query. The Revoked When entry will now indicate the time that the certificate was revoked

Note Certificate Server includes the Web address to its Certificate Revocation List (CRL) in every certificate it creates. It is up to the application that uses the certificate to access the CRL and determine if the certificate is valid.
The Certificate Administration Queue Utility generates Web pages that allow the administrator to manage requests in the Server Queue. When the Certificate Administration Queue Utility is started, the browser will display the Certificate Server Queue Administration Web page. Initially, this page will display a list view of the beginning of the requested data from the Server Queue. Each row contains a database record for a request, and the rows appear in the order the requests were received.

Viewing a Single Request

In the Certificate Server Queue Administration page, click Form View to view the data for the currently selected request. You can also click on the request’s link in the far-left column of the list view, or double-click anywhere on the certificate row in the list. The Web page will display the data for the selected request in form view.

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Microsoft Certificate Server


microsoft-certificate-server

Microsoft Certificate Server can be used to grant certificates to end-users within an organization so that they can conduct secure communications across the Internet and gain access to the corporate intranet.

Two examples include:

  1. Branch offices. The Internet supplements or serves as a corporate WAN.
  2. Supplier/vendor relationships. Intranet access granted to groups of users from key partners.

The Certificate Authority (CA) issuing the certificates can implement policies tailored to each case. An example of such a policy would include the following:

  • Use authenticated RFC to receive certificate requests and transmit completed certificates.
  • Check that the Issuer Organization and Issuer Organizational Unit information specified in certificate requests correctly identifies the CA server’s organization (defined in the CA server’s configuration file).
  • Check that the Subject Common Name information specified in certificate requests matches the authenticated user name.

Microsoft Certificate Server registers users for services on the Internet by following the following conditions:

  • Receives certificate requests and issues completed certificates over HTTP.
  • Checks information in a certificate request against an external database.
  • Optionally defers completion of the request process, so the customer personally contacted for verification.
  • This set of conditions comprises a standard offline approval policy that would be appropriate when there is a need for a high degree of user validation.
  • Microsoft Certificate Server has some features which make it valuable to organizations that do not choose to rely on external certificate authorities and who need a flexible tool adapted to the needs of their organization.

Certificate Server accepts standard Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS) #10 requests and issues X.509 version 1.0 and 3.0 certificates. Modules called extension handlers support additional certificate formats. Certificate Server works with non-Microsoft clients and browsers, and non-Microsoft Web servers. Certificate Server can write certificates to any database or directory service supported by a custom exit module.

Certificates granted according to policies that define the criteria that requesters must meet to receive a certificate. For example, one policy may be to grant commercial certificates only if applicants present their identification in person. Another policy may grant credentials based on e-mail requests. An agency that issues credit cards may choose to consult a database and make phone inquiries before issuing a card.

Policies implemented in policy modules written in Java. Microsoft Visual Basic, or Microsoft C/C++. Certificate Server functions are isolated from any changes in policy that an agency might implement. Such changes in policy can be fully executed in the server policy module code.

Certificates can be requested and distributed through any transport mechanism. Certificate Server accepts certificate requests from an applicant and posts certificates to the applicant through Hypertext Transfer Protocol > HTTP), Remote procedure call (RPC), disk file, or by custom transport.
Transports supported by intermediary applications and exit module DLLs, usually written in Microsoft C/C++. The intermediary applications and exit modules isolate the Certificate Server functions from communicating with any particular transport.

The security of a certification system depends on how the private keys are protected. The design of Certificate Server ensures that individuals cannot perform unauthorized access of private key information. Certificate Server relies on Microsoft CryptoAPI to perform key management, thus isolating Certificate Server from these confidential pieces of data. Also, the CryptoAPI functions can use anything from software modules to hardware-based key engines for the generation and protection of keys, thus allowing a user to select a level of key-management system strength appropriate for their organization.

Certificate Server leverages the reliability features incorporated into Microsoft Windows NT Server network operating system. The Windows NT architecture protects applications from damaging each other and the operating system by employing structured exception handling and the NTFS file system. Windows NT provides protection through its built-in security and has United States Government C2 certification.

Microsoft Certificate Server architectural elements include the server engine that handles certificate requests and other modules that perform tasks by communicating with the server engine.

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Windows Hosting Certificate Server


windows-hosting-certificate-server

The following examples show situations where Certificate Server typically grants certificates to users within an organization so they can conduct secure communications across the Internet and gain access to the corporate intranet:

  • Branch offices where the Internet supplements or serves as a corporate wide area network (WAN).
  • Supplier or vendor relationship where intranet access granted to groups of users from key partners.

The Certificate Authority (CA) issuing the certificates can implement policies tailored to each particular case. An example of such a system would include the following:

  • Use an authenticated network session to receive certificate requests and transmit completed certificates.
  • Check that the Issuer Organization and Issuer Organizational Unit information, specified in certificate requests, correctly identifies the CA server organization (defined in the CA server configuration file).
  • Check that the Subject Common Name information specified in certificate requests matches the server name. The server name must be a DNS resolvable name.

Microsoft Certificate Server is designed for Web-based applications that require authentication and secure communications based on the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol.

Certificate Server can also support other certificate-based applications, such as secure e-mail like Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME), a secure payment such as Secure Electronic Extensions (SET), and digital signatures like Microsoft Authenticode. In the case of SSL, an organization can use the certificate server to issue both server and client certificates in a standard X.509 version 3.0 format.

At the most basic level, the role of Certificate Server is to receive a PKCS #10 certificate request, verify the information in the request, and issue a corresponding X.509 certificate (or, possibly, certificate chain) in a PKCS #7 format. In the case of a user who wants to obtain a certificate for a Web browser, visiting a Web site and enrolling for a certificate typically generates a certificate request.

To enroll, the user enters identifying information (for example, name, address, e-mail) into an HTML form. Next, a key pair is generated, and the public key is sent to a PKCS #10 to the CA. If all identifying information meets the CA criteria for granting a request, the Certificate Server generates the certificate, which is downloaded to the user’s browser.

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Windows Hosting -HTTP Headers property


windows-hosting-http-headers-property

Use the HTTP Headers property sheet to set values returned to the browser in the header of the HTML page.

Enable Content Expiration

Select the Enable Content Expiration check box to include expiration information. When you include a date in time-sensitive material such as special offers or event announcements, the browser compares the current date to the expiration date to determine whether to display a cached page or to request in an updated page from the server.

Custom HTTP Headers

Use this property to send a custom HTTP header from the Web server to the client browser. To have your Web Server send a header, click Add and then type the name and value of the header in the Add Custom HTTP Header dialog box. To stop sending a header, click Remove.

Content Rating

You can configure your Web Server’s content rating features to embed descriptive labels in your Web pages’ HTTP headers. Some Web browsers such as Microsoft Internet Explorer can detect these content labels to help users to identify potentially objectionable Web Content. Click Edit Ratings to set content ratings for the Web site, directory or file.

MIME Map – Select the File Types to configure Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) mappings. These mappings set the various file types that the Web service returns to browsers.

Enable Default Documents

Select this check box to show the user a default document when a browser request does not include a specific HTML file name. Default documents can be a directory’s home page or an index page, which provides links to the document in the directory.
You can specify more than one default document. To add a new default document, click Add.

When prompted by a browser, the Web server searches the directory for the default documents, following the order in which the names appear in the list. The server returns the first document it finds. To change the search order, select a document and click the up or down arrows.

Enable Document Footer

Select this option to configure your Web Server to insert a footer automatically. This file can contain HTML formatting instructions for adding a logo image and identifying text to your web pages. Your footer file should not be a complete HTML document, and this file should include only the HTML tags necessary for formatting the appearance and function of your footer content. You must provide the full path and file name for your footer file.

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Windows Hosting – Authenticating Users


authenticating-users

Use these properties to grant or deny access to this resource using IP addresses or Internet Domain names. Click Edit to grant or deny access to specific individuals or groups.

By default, all computers will be:

  • Granted Access – Select this button to all computers by default. Click Add to list those machines denied access.
  • Denied Access – Select this button to deny access to all computers by default. Click Add to list those computers granted access.

Use the directory property sheet to configure your Web server’s user identification security features.

Anonymous Access and Authentication Control

Sets the anonymous access and authentication control methods for access to the server. Click Edit to select one or more authentication methods from the following options:

Allow Anonymous Access – Check this box to allow anonymous users to log on to your web server. When a user establishes an anonymous connection, your server will log on the user with an anonymous or guest account, which is a valid Windows NT user account. Click Edit to specify which Windows NT User account to use for anonymous connections.

Basic Authentication – Check this box to enable your Web Server’s primary authentication method, where the password sent in clear text. By selecting this option, a username and password required when the Allow Anonymous option is disabled, or access to the server is controlled using NTFS Access Control Lists.

Windows NT Challenge/Response – Check this box to enable your Web server’s Windows NT Challenge/Response authentication methods. As with Basic authentication, a username and password required when the Allow Anonymous option is disabled, or access to the server is controlled using NTFS Access control lists.

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Windows Hosting – Web Site Operators


web-site-operators

Use the ‘Website Operators dialog box‘ to designate the users you want to be able to administer specific Web sites. To add a user to the current list of accounts that have administrative privileges, click the Add button. To remove a user from the list, select the account in the Operation list box and then click the Remove button.

The Operators property sheet allows you to grant operator privileges by username or group. The Director Security Property sheet enable you to grant or deny access based on IP address or domain name. To avoid any accessing conflicts your operator’s domains or IP addresses should be granted access to the Directory Security Property sheet.

Select this option to enable your website’s logging features, which can record details about user activity and create logs in your choice of format.

Active Log Format – Use this pulldown menu to select from:

  • W3C Extended Log File Format
  • NCSA Common Log File Format

ODBC Logging

The Properties button brings up the Microsoft Logging Properties screen appropriate to the Active Log format you have chosen. For example, clicking Properties for W3C Extended Log File Format would allow you to choose how often to create new logs, specify the file directory for the log, and select additional extended properties for logging.

Description – This dialog box lists the name you choose for the Web site and will appear in the tree view of the Internet Service.

IP Address – This dialog box lists the IP address for a Web site.

TCP Port – This dialog box determines the port on which each service will run. The default is port 80.

SSL port – This dialog box determines the port used by Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) transmission.

The Advanced button brings up the Advanced Multiple Web site Configuration screen, which allows you to specify additional identitites for the Web site.

Unlimited – Select this option to allow an unlimited number of connections to occur simultaneously.

Limited to – Select this option to limit the number of simultaneous connections to the server. In the dialog box, type the number of connections permitted.

Connection Timeout – Use this dialog box to set the length of time in seconds before the server disconnects an inactive user.

Performance Tuning

Adjust Performance Tuning setting to the number of daily connections you anticipate for your site. If the number is set slightly higher than the actual number of connections, the connections made faster, and server performance is improved. If the number is much greater than the real connection attempts, server memory is wasted, reducing overall server performance.

Enable Bandwidth Throttling

Check the Enable Bandwidth Throttling option to limit the bandwidth used by this Web site. For this Web site only, the value for bandwidth typed here overrides the value set at the computer level, even if this value is greater than values set at the level of equipment.

Connection Configuration

HTTP KeepAlives enabled – check this box to allow a client to maintain an open connection with your server, instead of reopening the client connection with each new request. KeepAlives are enabled by default.

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Access the Default Website Properties – Windows Hosting


access-the-default-website-properties

From the start menu, point to Programs, Windows NT Option Pack, Microsoft Internet Information Server, and then click Internet Service Manager.

  • In the left pane, double-click the IIS mode.
  • In the right pane, double-click the computer name node.
  • Right-click Default Web site and then click Properties.
  • The Default Web site properties dialog box appears with tabs for each property sheet.

Each site on your computer has its property sheets. The general settings or features for a site are displayed in these sheets and stored in a database like structure called the metabase. During the installation of IIS default values are assigned to the various properties on the property sheet. You can publish documents on your site without changing these default settings, but you can easily customize the settings as well.

Master – When IIS is installed on your computer, certain default properties applied to the Master property sheets. Each virtual site you create inherits these settings. If you change the settings on the Master property sheets, following virtual sites will inherit the new settings, but previously created virtual sites will not.

To access Master property sheets, open the Internet Service Manager, right click on your computer icon, click Properties and then click on the Edit button under the heading the Master properties.

Default – The installation process creates a Default Web site with its default properties. Every file you create within the Default Web site will inherit these settings.

Objects – Objects created in a virtual directory will inherit the virtual directory’s property sheet settings, whereas objects set up on the Default Web site will inherit the settings of the Default Web site’s property sheets. After an object created, the property sheets can be configured on the object level.

Use this property sheet to control which users have Website Operator privileges. Website operators are a group of users who have limited administrative privileges on individual Web sites, so they can administer properties that affect only their site.

The Access Permissions properties appear when you are working with a local directory or a network share. Use these check boxes to determine the type of access allowed to the directory.

Read – Select this check box to enable Web clients to read or download files stored in a home directory or a virtual directory.

Write – Select this check box to enable Web clients to upload files to the enabled directory on your server or to change content in a write enabled file.

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Windows Hosting Web site property sheets


windows-hosting-web-site-property-sheets

All Web site property sheets can be accessed using the Internet Service Manager snap-in for the Microsoft Management Console.

To set properties for the application, click the Configuration button. You can then choose from the following four application configuration property sheets:

  1. Application Mappings – Use this property sheet to set map file name extensions to the application that processes those files.
  2. Active Server Pages (ASP) – Use this property sheet to set an option that controls how ASP scripts run.
  3. ASP debugging – Use this property sheet to set debugging options for ASP scripts.
  4. Other – Use this property sheet to set or change the CGI script Timeout Value.

Use this property sheet to set options for Internet Server Application Programming Interface (ISAPI) filters. ISAPI can be used to run remote applications. Requesting a URL mapped to a filter activates these applications. The properties are used to map the file name extension to the proper filter on the Web Server.
The table lists the status of each filter (loaded, unloaded or disabled) the name of the filter and the priority rating of the filter (high, medium or low) set inside the DLL. Click the Add, Remove, and Edit buttons to modify filter mappings. Click the enable or disable buttons to change the status of filters. Select a filter and click the arrows to change the order in which the filters run.

Use this property sheet to change the home directory of your Web site or modify the properties of your home directory. The home directory is the central location for the files published on your Website. A default home directory, called www root created when you install the WWW service. You can change the location of the home directory to one of the following:

  • A directory located on the computer
  • A share located on another computer
  • A redirection to a URL

In the Local Path text box, type the precise path to the new directory, share or destination URL.

The Content Control properties appear when you are working with a local directory or a network share.

Log Access – Select this check box to record visits to this directory in a log file.

Directory Browsing Allowed – Select this check box to show the user a hypertext listing of the files and subdirectories in this directory so that file user can navigate through the directory structure. A hypertext directory listing is generated automatically and sent to the user when a browser request does not include a specific file name and when no default document is in the specified directory.

Index this Directory – Select this check box to instruct the Microsoft Index server to include this directory in a full-text index of your Web site. This will enable to search quickly for words or phrases in documents on your website.

Front Page Web – Select this check box to create Microsoft FrontPage Web for this directory.

The Custom Errors property sheet lists the messages returned to the browser in the event of an HTTP error. Administrators can use the default HTTP 1.1 errors or customize the error messages with their own content. When error messages are customized, the HTTP error code is listed, in addition to the output type, which can be default HTTP error, a local absolute URL or a pointer to a file.

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Windows Hosting Application Point


windows-hosting-application-point

An application defined as all the directories and files contained within a directory marked as an application starting point until another application starting point reached.
If you make your site’s home directory an application point, then every virtual directory and physical directory within your site can participate in the application.

To make this directory an application starting point and thus create an application, click the Create button. To dissociate this home directory from an application click the Remove button. Type the name of the application in the Name text box. The name will appear in the property sheets for any directory contained within the application boundary.

Run in Separate Memory Space – Select this check box to run the application in a separate process from the Web server process. Running an isolated application protects other applications, including the web server itself, from being affected if this application crashes or hangs.

Permission – This property controls whether applications can be run in this directory

Name – Does not allow any programs or scripts to run in this directory.

Script – Enables a script engine to run in this directory without having Execute permissions set.

Execute – Allows an application to run in this directory, including script engines and Windows NT binaries (.dll and .exe files)

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