You can use Windows NT Explorer to define a list of permissions, also known as an access control list (ACL), for individual files or directories. In establishing this list, you select a particular Windows NT user account or user group, and then specify access permissions for that user or group.

NTFS has five standard levels of permissions:

• Full Control. Users can modify, move, delete, and change permissions.
• No Access. Users have absolutely no access, even if a user has access to a higher-level parent directory.
• Read. Users can view files.
• Change. Users can view and modify files, including deleting and adding files to a directory.
• Special Access. User access defined by a custom set of criteria.

After you set NTFS permissions, your Web server must be configured with an authentication method to identify users before granting access to secured files. You can set up your server’s authentication features to require users to log on with a valid Windows NT account username and password.

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Your Web server’s Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) security feature utilizes a technique known as public key encryption to shield the session key from interception during transmission.

Public key algorithms use two different keys, a public key, and a private key. The private key is held privately by the owner of the key pair, and the public key distributed to anyone who requests it. If one key is used to encrypt a message, then the other key is required to decrypt the message.

Digital signatures and digital envelopes are produced using two different, but related processes. The process for creating a digital signature involves using the sender’s private key, whereas the process of creating a digital envelope uses the intended recipient’s public key.

Digital Signatures Authenticate Authorship

Digital signatures are used to confirm authorship, not to encrypt a message. The sender uses his or her private key to generate a digital signature string bundled with the message. Upon receipt of the message, the recipient uses the sender’s public key to validate the signature. Because only the signer’s public key can be used to verify the signature, the digital signature is proof that the message sender’s identity is authentic.

Digital Envelopes Encrypt Messages

Digital envelopes are used to send private messages that can only be understood by a particular recipient. To create a digital envelope, the sender encrypts the message using the recipient’s public key. The message can only be decrypted using the recipient’s private key, so only the recipient will be able to understand the message.

You can configure your Web server’s SSL security features to guarantee the integrity of your content, verify the identity of users, and encrypt network transmissions.

Your Web server requires a valid server certificate to establish SSL secure communications. Use the Key Manager utility to generate a certificate request file. If your aren’t using Microsoft Certificate Server 1.0 to issue your server certificates, then a third-party CA must approve your application and issue your server certificate. You can either forward your request file to the authority or use Key Manager to deliver the request to an online authority. After you receive a server certificate file, use Key Manager to install it on your computer.

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Cryptography

Cryptography provides a set of techniques for encrypting data and messages so that they can be stored and transmitted securely. Cryptography can achieve secure communications even when the transmission medium—such as the Internet—is not trustworthy. Cryptography can also encrypt sensitive files so an intruder cannot understand them.

Encryption

• When a message is encrypted, an encryption key used.
• To decrypt the message, the corresponding decryption key must be used.
• It is imperative to properly restrict access to the decryption key because anyone who possesses it will be able to decrypt all messages encrypted with the matching encryption key.

Public-Key Algorithms

Public-key algorithms use two different keys, a public key, and a private key. The private key is kept private to the owner of the key pair. The public key distributed to anyone who requests it, often through a digital certificate. If one key is used to encrypt a message, then the other key is required to decrypt the message.

Digital Signatures and Digital Envelopes

Digital signatures and digital envelopes are produced using two different, but related processes. The process for creating a digital signature involves using the sender’s private key, whereas the process for creating a digital envelope uses the intended recipient’s public key.

Digital Signatures

Digital signatures are used to confirm authorship, not to encrypt a message. The sender uses his or her private key to generate a digital signature string bundled with the message. Upon receipt of the message, the recipient uses the sender’s public key to validate the signature. Because only the signer’s public key can be used to validate the signature, the digital signature is proof that the message sender’s identity is authentic.

Digital Envelopes

Digital envelopes are used to send private messages that can only be understood by a specific recipient. To create a digital envelope, the sender encrypts the message using the recipient’s public key. The message can only be decrypted using the recipient’s private key, so only the recipient will be able to understand the message.

Digital Certificates

Authenticity of Public Keys

1. The use of digital signatures and envelopes assumes that the identity of the owner of the public key used to encrypt or decrypt a message is established beyond doubt.
2. To guarantee the authenticity of public keys, Microsoft Certificate Server provides digital certificates as a secure method of exchanging public keys over a nonsecure network.

Certificate Authorities

A digital certificate is a set of data that completely identifies an entity, and is issued by a Certificate Authority (CA) only after that authority has verified the entity’s identity. The data set includes the public cryptographic key tendered to the entity.

When the sender of a message signs the message with its private key. The recipient of the message can use the sender’s public key (retrieved from the certificate either sent with the message or available elsewhere in the directory service) to verify that the sender is legitimate.

Certificate Revocation Lists

Certificates, like most real-world forms of identification, can expire and no longer be valid. The CA can also revoke them for other reasons. To handle the existence of invalid certificates, the CA maintains a Certificate Revocation List (CRL). The CRL is available to network users to determine a validity of any given certificate.

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Users visiting commercial Web sites are sometimes reluctant to supply sensitive information—such as a credit card or bank account number—for fear that computer vandals will intercept this information. To address this type of security concern you need to protect sensitive information transmitted over a network from all forms of interception and tampering.

The Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol, implemented as a Web server security feature, provides a secure and virtually impervious way of establishing an encrypted communication link with users. SSL guarantees the authenticity of your Web content, while reliably verifying the identity of users accessing restricted Web sites.

Your Web server also supports the Private Communication Technology (PCT) 1.0 protocol. Similar to SSL, PCT includes hardy and efficient encryption features for securing communication.

Creating an SSL Session

An SSL session, which encrypts all data between the client and server, is created using the following process:

1. The Web browser establishes a secure communication link with the Web server using Secure HTTP protocol (HTTPS).
2. The Web server sends the browser a copy of its certificate along with its public key. (The certificate enables the browser to confirm the server’s identity and the integrity of the Web content.)
3. The Web browser and the server engage in a negotiating exchange to determine the degree of encryption to use for securing communications, typically 40 or 128 bits.
4. The Web browser generates a session key and encrypts it with the server’s public key. The browser then sends the encrypted session key to the Web server.
5. Using its private key, the server decrypts the session key and establishes a secure channel.
6. The Web server and the browser then use the session key to encrypt and decrypt transmitted data.

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Private communication on the Internet depends upon the ability to prevent anyone except the intended recipient from being able to read a message—even though anyone on the network might be able to intercept it.

The need for privacy and authentication over nonsecure networks requires some form of data encryption and decryption, otherwise known as cryptography, as part of a software security system. Cryptographic protocols employing certificates are designed to address these needs.

When a message is encrypted, an encryption key is used. To decrypt the message, the corresponding decryption key must be used. It is very important to properly restrict access to the decryption key because anyone who possesses it will be able to decrypt all messages that were encrypted with the matching encryption key.

Encryption is the process of scrambling information by applying a mathematical function in such a way that it is extremely difficult for anyone other than an intended recipient to retrieve the original information. Central to this process is a mathematical value, called a key, used to scramble the information in a unique and complex way.

Your Web server uses essentially the same encryption process to secure communication links with users. After establishing a secure link, a special session key is used by both your Web server and the user’s Web browser to both encrypt and decrypt information. For example, when an authenticated user attempts to download a file from a Web site requiring a secure channel, your Web server uses a session key to encrypt the file and related HTTP headers. After receiving the encrypted file, the Web browser then uses a copy of the same session key to recover the file.

This method of encryption, although secure, has an inherent drawback. During the process of creating a secure link, a copy of the session key might be transmitted across an unsecured network. Therefore, a computer vandal intent on compromising the link need only intercept and steal the session key. To safeguard against this possibility, your Web server implements an additional method of encryption.

The use of digital signatures and envelopes assumes that the identity of the owner of the public key used to encrypt or decrypt a message is established beyond doubt.

A digital certificate is a set of data that completely identifies an entity, and is issued by a Certificate Authority (CA) only after that authority has verified the entity’s identity. The data set includes the public cryptographic key tendered to the entity. When the sender of a message signs the message with his or her private key, the recipient of the message can use the sender’s public key to verify that the sender is legitimate. The recipient retrieves the sender’s public key from the certificate either sent with the message or available elsewhere in the directory service.

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Web server permissions allow you to control how users access and interact with specific Web sites.
You can use these permissions to control whether users visiting your Web site are allowed to view a particular page, upload information, or run scripts on the site.

Unlike NTFS permissions, Web server permissions apply to all users accessing your Web site.
This distinction is imperative because NTFS permissions apply only to a particular user or group of users with a valid Windows NT account.

For example, disabling Web server Read permission for a particular file will prevent all users from viewing that file, regardless of the NTFS permissions applied to those users’ accounts. However, enabling Read permission will allow all users to view the file unless NTFS permissions that restrict access have applied.

If both Web server and NTFS permissions are set, the permissions that explicitly deny access will take precedence over permissions that grant access.

When you select the Write and Execute check boxes, you enable users to upload and execute programs on your Web server. In this case, a user could inadvertently or intentionally upload and then run a potentially destructive program on your server. Whenever possible, select the Script option rather than the Execute option, because the Script option limits users to executing programs associated with an installed script engine, not any executable application.

You can configure your Web server to grant or deny specific computers, groups of computers, or domains access to Web sites, directories, or files. For example, you can prevent external network users from accessing your Web server by granting access only to members of your intranet, and explicitly deny access to outside users.

In many cases, IP access security is sufficient. However, while either restricting or permitting various IP addresses, remember that packets can be intercepted and “spoofed.” Spoofing is a technique where a sophisticated user can alter the contents of a packet without affecting the IP address.

IP access and domain name restrictions are configured with IIS administrative tools. When you configure a security property for a specific Web site or directory, you automatically set it for all directories and files within that site/directory, unless the security property of the individual directories and files were previously set. For those directories and files with previous security settings, you are prompted for permission to reset (replace) its security setting. This security inheritance mechanism applies to all of the IIS security methods.

Anonymous Access

Under most circumstances, all users who attempt to establish a connection with your Web server will log on as anonymous users. When an anonymous connection is established, your Web server will log on the user with an anonymous or guest account This account is a valid Windows NT user account to which you have applied restrictions that limit the files and directories the anonymous user can access.

Authentication Control

To prevent anonymous users from connecting to restricted content, you can configure your Web server to authenticate users. Authentication involves prompting users for unique user name and password information, which must correspond to a valid Windows NT user account, governed by the NTFS file and directory permissions that define the level of access for that account.

Your Web server will authenticate users under the following circumstances:

• Anonymous access is disabled.
• Anonymous access fails because the anonymous user account does not have permission to access a specific NTFS file or resource.

If either of these conditions occur, your Web server will refuse to establish an anonymous connection. Your Web server will then use the authentication method you have enabled to attempt to identify the user.

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There are several authentication methods available to IIS administrators for controlling access to the server and files. These password authentication methods include Anonymous, Basic, Windows NT Challenge/Response, and digital certificates. In addition to these methods, you can add custom authentication methods by writing ISAPI filters.

Anonymous Access

When Allow Anonymous Access is enabled, users do not supply a username and password to access unprotected resources. Instead, IIS uses an individual guest account (typically lUSR_computername) as the login account and uses this account to open resources for the connected user.

The Internet Guest account IUSR_computername is created during IIS setup and is part of the Guests and Everyone groups. You should review the file permissions given to these groups to ensure they are appropriate for your anonymous users. You can explicitly deny the Internet Guest account access to sensitive information if it is not suitable for anonymous users.

Anonymous access authentication does not use passwords, thus preventing people from gaining access to sensitive information with fraudulent or illegally obtained passwords. For some situations, this can provide the best security.

Basic and Windows NT Challenge/Response Security

These two authentication methods require the user to provide a valid Windows NT username and password to the server before accessing resources.

TTP Basic Authentication

Basic authentication is the standard method as defined in the HTTP specification. Most browsers support it and will prompt the user for a name and password during the authentication process. The user account and password are sent unencrypted join the Web browser to the server.

Using Basic authentication means that you will send your Windows NT username and password unencrypted over public networks. Thus, intruders can easily learn usernames and passwords. Microsoft recommends using Basic authentication with SSL encryption or using the Windows NT Challenge/Response method of password authentication.

Windows NT Challenge/Response

Windows NT Challenge/Response is an authentication method created by Microsoft that does not transmit an actual password across the network. Instead, the server engages in a cryptographic exchange with the Web browser to prove the correctness of the supplied password. This method is significantly safer than HTTP basic authentication. Microsoft Internet Explorer versions 2.0 or later support Windows NT Challenge/Response authentication.

Note Windows NT Challenge/Response authentication takes precedence over Basic authentication. It means that if the user’s Web browser supports both methods, it will choose Windows NT Challenge/Response authentication.

Authentication with Certificates

Using the Web server’s SSL 3.0 security feature to authenticate users, the server checks the contents of an encrypted digital identification submitted by the user’s Web browser during the login process. Users obtain these digital identifications, called client certificates, from a mutually trusted third-party organization. Client certificates usually contain identifying information about the user and the organization that issued the certificate.

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With the advent of the Internet, corporations can tap into the large potential customer base now connected online. The inherently open Internet has also raised security questions and spawned an array of safety requirements.

Authenticate Users

The need to identify and authenticate legitimate users (for example, subscribers) in order to provide them with access to information, content, and services while denying service to unauthorized users.

Resource Access Control

Security system with a fine-grained access control that will allow legitimate users access to resources, while protecting sensitive resources from hackers and unauthorized users.

Encrypted Communication

Ensure that corporations can set up private and tamperproof communications channels over the Internet for commerce and sensitive business-to-business transactions.

Auditing and Logging

Broad auditing and logging functionality to help track the site security, catch potential hackers, and deter attacks on the site.
There are four methods of security you can apply to your IIS computer. Users must pass these security checks before they are allowed to access a particular resource.

• IP Access – You can configure your Web server to prevent specific computers, groups of computers, or entire networks from accessing your Web server content. When a user initially tries to access your Web server content, the server checks the Internet Protocol (IP) address of the user’s computer against the server’s IP address restriction settings.IIS allows you to use DNS names in place of IP addresses, but there will be a significant performance reduction due to the name resolution.

• User Authentication – You can configure your Web server to allow anonymous (guest) access or to require a connecting client to provide a valid Windows NT logon in order to access any resources.

• Web Permission – You can configure your Web server’s access permissions—Read, Write, or Execute—for specific sites, directories, and files. These permissions will apply to all users regardless of their specific access rights. For example, you can disable the Read permissions for a particular Web site to prevent user access while you update the site’s content. When a user attempts to access the restricted Web site, they will receive an “access forbidden” error message.

• File Security – IIS relies on NTFS permissions for securing individual files and directories from unauthorized access. Unlike Web server permissions, which apply to all users, you can use NTFS permissions to precisely define which users can access your content and how those users are allowed to manipulate that content.

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You can restrict the length of time articles are kept in a Microsoft NNTP Service newsgroup and also how much disk space a newsgroup can occupy by defining expiration policies for newsgroups. An expiration policy can apply to a single newsgroup or any number of newsgroups. You can set as many policies as you need. In each case, the oldest articles deleted first.

If you do not specify an expiration policy for a newsgroup, you should delete articles manually when they are no longer needed.

To create an expiration policy

1. Using Internet Service Manager, expand Default NNTP Site then click the Expiration Policies node.
2. From the Action menu, click New, and then click Expiration Policy.
3. Follow the instructions of the New Expiration Policy wizard.

You can modify an existing expiration policy, including changing the newsgroups to which the policy applies, using the General (Expiration Policy) property sheet.

To modify an expiration policy

1. Using Internet Service Manager, expand Default NNTP Site then click Expiration policies.
2. Select the expiration policy you want to modify.
3. From the Action menu, click Properties.
4. Change the options in the General (Expiration Policy) property sheet as needed.

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Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS) has multiple security options for keeping a server and its data safe from possible intruders and hackers.

IIS relies on the foundation of Microsoft Windows NT, a C2 certifiable system, for providing excellent protection.
Securing an IIS server is a combination of configuring Windows NT security and the individual IIS service’s security options.
If the server connected to the Internet, a router or firewall could be configured to provide additional security.

Steps to Secure IIS

The first step in securing IIS is to secure its foundation, Windows NT. Web, FTP, and other network services are only as secure as the platform on which they run.

Windows NT Server provides user account security and the NTFS file system to secure the server and its resources.
Before securing IIS services, you should configure your user accounts and groups, resource permissions, and security policies.

Securing User Accounts and Groups

Windows NT Security helps you protect your server and its resources by requiring assigned user accounts.
Every operation on a server running Windows NT identifies who is performing the operation. For example, the username and password you use to log on to Windows NT identifies you and defines what you can do on that server. You can control access to all computer resources by limiting the authority of these accounts.

Require Users to Choose Difficult Passwords

The easiest way for someone to gain unauthorized access to your system is with a stolen or easily guessed password.
To avoid unauthorized access to your system, require that all users—especially those with administrative rights— choose difficult-to-guess passwords (long, mixed case, alphanumeric passwords are best), and set the appropriate account policies. The User Manager utility allows you to set passwords.

Limit Administrator Accounts

Since accounts with Administrator-level authority have full access to your server, you should limit accounts with this authority by limiting members of the Administrators group. You can also rename the default Administrator account so hackers will not try to guess passwords for that account.

Applying Strict Account Policies

Configuring sound security policy is another must for a secure system. There are a variety of policy options to configure, such as password restrictions, rights on ‘ the system, and audited events.

For example, the User Manager utility provides a way for the system administrator to specify when account passwords expire.
It forces users to change passwords regularly. The administrator can also specify other policies, such as how many bad login attempts are tolerated before locking a user out.

Use these policies to manage your accounts, particularly those with administrative access, to thwart exhaustive or random password attacks.

Securing Resource Access

To secure resources, such as sensitive files and directories, NTFS must apply to the drives on which they exist. Using Windows NT Explorer with resources on an NTFS partition, you can specify what permission users and groups have to that resource. Remember, if there are conflicts between your NTFS settings and IIS settings, the most restrictive settings take effect.

Warning The file allocation table (FAT) file system does not provide file or directory security and should be avoided on secure systems.

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