Application server development with MTS is less complicated and less expensive because of the following features:

Three-Tiered Application Model

Three-tiered applications—where the application server, client computer, and data source separated from each other—provide more deployment flexibility than two-tiered client/server programming, where application code is location-dependent.

• Presentation – The client consists mostly of a graphical user interface (GUI) such as a browser used to display Web pages. Services such as database connection and business services obtained from middle-tier servers. It results in less overhead for the user, but more network traffic for the system as components distributed among different machines.

• Business /Data Components – Middle tier components can implement data rules or business rules. These components provide the logic between the client computer and the data source. It is the layer where necessary line-of-business standards and logic exist. Business rules can consist of business algorithms or legal or government regulations. Data rules consist of rules to keep the data structures consistent, within a particular database as well as among multiple databases. These components can exist on a server computer to assist in resource sharing. They can be used to enforce business and data rules. Since they are not tied to a particular client, they can be employed by all applications.

• Data Source – The data source tier represents a computer running a database where information stored. It is the actual database management system (DBMS) access layer. You can access the data source tier though the data/business rules layer, and on occasion directly through the presentation layer itself. The data source tier consists of data access components (rather than raw DBMS connections)*to aid in resource sharing and to allow clients configured without installing an application comprised of libraries or drivers on each client.

ActiveX Language Support

Developers build MTS applications as software components using tools that support ActiveX, including Microsoft Visual Basic, Microsoft Visual C++, and Microsoft Visual J++.

Automatic Thread and Process Management

MTS manages low-level system resources. It enables components to operate automatically in a multi-user environment without forcing developers to build this complexity into their applications.

Object Management

MTS provides “just-in-time” instantiation, allowing developers to use components to deliver high-performance applications on servers.
If a client encountered a component with enhanced functionality when it was expecting a component with only a base level of functionality, such as an older version of the component, it would not fail. It is because it has no dependency on the newer features.

If a client that expects the enhanced functionality supplied by a current object encounters an older version of the object with fewer features, the client can degrade its exposed services to match those provided by the older object.

Component Packaging

MTS includes a component packaging service that manages the complicated logistics of integrating, installing, and deploying many components as a single application.

Database Connection Pool

MTS maintains a pool of Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) connections to a database, providing high-performance database access without forcing the developer to write code to manage complex database synchronization issues.

Shared Property Manager

MTS provides a mechanism that makes it easy to share data among multiple concurrently executing objects without forcing the developer to program complex state sharing and synchronization logic.

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Developers use Microsoft Transaction Server (MTS) to develop scalable server applications built from Microsoft ActiveX components.
It allows developers to focus on solving line of business issues instead of on building the networking infrastructure or the client component of an application.

MTS delivers the “plumbing“—including transactions, scalability services, connection management, and point-and-click administration—providing administrators an easy way to deploy these scalable server applications.

A transaction is a unit of work that succeeds or fails as a whole. Transactions are a way to coordinate a series of changes made to a resource or sets of resources. The most common type of transactions coordinate through a central point, called a resource manager.

Microsoft Transaction Server (MTS) is the resource manager and uses a simple programming model to manage the transactions. The basic pattern consists of the following actions and is always the same

A client requests a Component Object Model (COM) object is running under MTS control. It permits MTS to create an object context and associates it with the object. When the task is completed, the object calls SetComplete to indicate success. If the task is not completed the object calls SetAbort to indicate rollback.

These actions have what are known as ACID properties. ACID is an acronym that stands for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability. The following definitions explain ACID.

Atomicity – Either all changes happen or none happen. It ensures, for instance, that in a bank transaction a deposit and withdrawal will either both occur or neither will occur.

Consistency – Actions taken as a group do not violate any integrity constraints. MTS will check the permissions on every object involved in a transaction to ensure none are violated during a group change.

Isolation – For actions that execute concurrently, one is either executed before or after the other, but not both simultaneously. It prevents different, and possibly conflicting, changes from being made to the same object.

Durability – Changes will survive failures of process, network, operating system, or others.

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A component is a discrete unit of code built on Microsoft ActiveX technologies that deliver a well-specified set of services through well-specified interfaces. Components provide the objects that clients request at a run time.

The components of a transaction must include:

Client logic : Includes forms and the user interface.

Network protocol :  Links the client with the server.

Network receiver : Listens to the network accepts incoming calls from clients, and manages congestion.

Queue manager :  Tracks and manages connects in case client calls start to back up.

Connection manager : Tracks work and system resources on behalf of each client.

Context manager : Tracks each user NTs concurrent identity and state.

Security manager : Prevents unauthorized access to the application or data.

Thread pool : Avoids having to dedicate a thread for each user.

Service logic : Line-of-business or in-house code that the application performs.

Synchronization manager : Coordinates the transaction.

Configuration manager :  Manages thread and server resources.

Database connection manager : Allocates database connections for multiple users.

Data : The database that the transaction is working on.

Any system that allows clients to be added must scale up efficiently or risk a serious drop in performance as the number of client connections increases.

A scalable application has to take into account three basic elements:

1. The messages from multiple clients will come across the network to access the shared data on the server. These messages need to be received, ‘queued, processed, and the responses routed back to the right clients promptly.
2. Next, there is the idea of the context; it can be anything about the user, for example, the language of the user or even a complete identity of the user or perhaps a user configuration. A user’s context is usually tightly related to what access is allowed and in general, security.
3. Finally, the Service Logic layer, which contains some line-of-business logic that controls access to the shared data used. The problems associated with scaling arise at this point and require some synchronization such as database locking or a similar mechanism.

The key to building scalable applications is to understand that the logic to deal with most of the scalability issues is already integrated into Microsoft® Windows NT Server. The challenge, then, becomes how best to take advantage of it. Using MTS enables your developers to focus on the areas of line-of-business logic contained in the Service Logic and the Shared Data.

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Maintain a secure site without disclosing information to unauthorized users. Being aware of authentication and access control issues is necessary. Even on sites that contain only widely available public information, being aware of safety helps to prevent compromising the server.

Restricted Catalog Access

When Index Server first installed, the catalog is set up with an Access Control List (ACL) that allows only system administrators and system services to access it. In part, this assures that if the catalog directory contained within a virtual root, unauthorized users would not see the files in the catalog in the context of their query. The protection on the catalog directory is also necessary to prevent unauthorized users (who might have access to the server by use of file-server shares) from seeing the contents of the catalog. Although the information in the catalog is in a form that would be difficult for someone without knowledge of the file formats to decipher, it is possible to read the content of files on the server by examining the catalog.

If an additional catalog directory created manually, care should be taken to ensure that it, and the files created in it, have appropriate access controls. A catalog directory should allow access for administrators and for the System account. Index Server runs as a service, so System access is required.

When documents filtered, any access controls on a document are kept in the catalog and checked against client permissions when a query processed.
If a client does not have access to a document, the document will not be included in any of the client’s query results; there will be no indication that the document exists.

Avoid the appearance of missing hits. A user should properly authenticate before processing a query.

To enforce access control properly, clients should be properly authenticated before they can send a query to the server. The easiest way to ensure that a client is authenticated is to put an access control on the form that issues a query. You can also put an access control list on the .idq, .htx, or .htw file used in a query.

Depending upon the configuration of IIS, one or more of the following authentication mechanisms can be used:

• Anonymous logon
• Basic authentication
• Windows NT Challenge/Response authentication

If the anonymous logon is allowed, it will be used by default as long as all files accessed by the client are permitted to be accessed by the anonymous logon account. Whenever an attempt is made to gain access to a document for which access denied to the anonymous user, an authentication dialog will be presented, provided another authentication mechanism is available. Then, the client can provide authentication and thereby gain access to files that would otherwise deny.

If you turn off clients’ access to some protected files by disabling authentication on a virtual directory (i.e. by setting Anonymous access only), you should also disable authentication for the .htx file. Otherwise, clients will be able to see the contents of the protected files in the hit highlights returned after issuing a query.

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Query forms allow users to search your Web site for documents that meet the criteria they specify. Index Server provides several features that you can incorporate into a query form to enhance the query process, improve result reporting, and track usage.

Query Scope

A query range specifies the set of documents to be searched by the query engine. The range typically indicated by a directory path on a storage volume such as D:docs.

Content Query Restrictions

The content query restrictions narrow the focus of a query by describing what type of textual content to search.

Property Query Restrictions

The property query constraints specify the file attributes included in the search. These features can include file size, creation and modification dates, file names, and authors.

Hit Highlighting

The hit-highlighting feature shows you the specific portions, if any, of the document that satisfies your query. To view the hit highlights, click Show Highlights (condensed) or Show Highlights (full text) located under each result abstract. With this feature enabled, you can view an HTML page containing a list of the hits, with those words that make up the hit displayed in red italic text.

Query Logging

IIS logs all traffic between the client and server. Standard IIS logging picks up query information such as the querying Internet Protocol (IP) address and the queries processed by the server.

Index Server interacts with IIS so that you can search a Web site for information through a query form embedded on a Web page.

Sample Query Form

Included with Index Server is a sample query form that can be used to search the indexed files. These sample forms can be made available to Web site users or they can serve as examples of how to develop customized query forms. The sample query form can be found by pointing to Start, Programs, Windows NT Option Pack, Microsoft Index Server, and then clicking Index Server Sample Query Form.

Query Form Elements

The Basic query form is comprised of several elements:

• HTML File :  This file displays a Web page where the user enters the query parameters. It also displays the results set returned by Index Server.

• Internet Data Query (IDQ) File : The IDQ file (a file with an .idq extension) is the intermediate form of the user’s search request that Index Server will run to search the index.

• HTML Extension File (HTX) :  The HTX file (a file with an .htx extension) is an HTML file containing query results set data. This data is then added to an HTML page and sent to the Web browser to be displayed.

Note Index Server also uses another file type, .htx, as a template for formatting the hit-highlight page. The contents of the .htx with the .htx file is formatted as a Web page and sent to the Web browser.

In addition to creating basic query forms, you can use Active Server Pages (ASP) and SQL with Microsoft ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) to create query forms.

ASP Queries

You can also build query forms with ASP, which allow you to capture the power and flexibility of ActiveX scripting. Queries created with .asp files enable you to capitalize on scripting languages such as Microsoft® Visual Basic® Scripting Edition (VBScript) and Microsoft® JScript™ to add flexibility in displaying query results.

Note Creating query forms with ASP is more flexible and powerful than other solutions. However, if your site receives large numbers of simultaneous queries, you should create query forms with .idq, .htx, and .htm files (rather than .asp files) for the quickest response time.

SQL Queries

Index Server provides an alternative method of issuing queries on an indexed file system. Instead of using Index Server’s standard forms, you can write SQL queries in applications that use ADO. In your .asp files, use the SQL Extensions to form the query, ADO to retrieve the data, and a scripting language such as VBScript to display the data.

Note If Index Server performance becomes an issue, use the basic query forms. ASP queries and SQL queries require more processing power to execute.

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The Index Server Manager provides seven management tools for Index Server administration.

CiDaemon process

The CiDaemon process is a child process created by the Index Server engine. The Index Server engine gives a list of documents to the CiDaemon process, which is responsible for filtering the documents by identifying the correct filter DLL and word-breaker DLL associated with a particular document.

Filtering is done as a background activity so as not to interfere with any foreground activity. On local drives, if another process for writing needs a document opened by the CiDaemon process for reading, the CiDaemon process closes the document as soon as possible. The document retried for filtering at a later time. (This feature is not available on network shared folders.)

If the CiDaemon process stops, the Index Server engine will automatically restart it.

Checking Status

With the Index Server snap-in, you can check indexing status and view the properties of directories that are indexed as well as the cached properties. To do this, you highlight the Index Server folder in the Microsoft Management Console (MMC.) In the right pane, the number of files indexed, catalog size, documents to filter, and so on is displayed.

Setting Global Properties

At the Index Server level, you can adjust property settings for all catalogs. For example, you can choose to turn off characterization for all catalogs. In this case, no summaries or abstracts would be generated for files listed on the results page of a search. You can also change a value for a specific catalog. The values you set on the catalog level override those set on the Index Server level.
Creating and Configuring Catalogs

During installation, Index Server creates the Web catalog. You can create additional catalogs to spread queries across them. Also you can separate the content in those catalogs.

Adjusting the Property Cache

To reduce the time it takes to retrieve values frequently queried for, you can add properties to the cache on your server. If not cached, Index Server will directly access Microsoft ActiveX documents (for example Microsoft Office documents) returned from a query and retrieves the properties at that time. Additional properties that are not indexed by default can be added to the cache properties and later used in queries. For example, adding the tag META=”ServerProduct” VALUE=”product name” to your HTML documents allows you to create queries that will look for server products that match a specific name.
If your index becomes corrupted and is rebuilt, you will need to reconfigure your property cache.

Adding and Removing Directories

You can use the Index Server snap-in to add or remove directories to be indexed by Index Server. Taking this action will neither add nor delete physical directories. Instead, it will instruct Index Server to include or exclude them from the directory it indexes.

Forcing a Scan

To re-inventory a virtual root (virtual directory), you need to force Index Server to scan it. You should rescan after making particular global changes, including:

• Changing the size of characterization.
• Adding or removing a filter.
• Changing the filtering of unrecognized extensions.
• Adding a new word breaker.

To force a scan

1. In the left pane of the Microsoft Management Console , under the catalog where the virtual directory resides, double-click Directories.
2. In the right frame, right-click the directory you want to scan.
3. From the Action menu, select Rescan.
4. In the Full Rescan dialog box, click Yes for a full rescan, or click No for an incremental rescan.

Forcing a Merge

If response time for queries begins to slow down, you need to free resources by combining indexes. From time to time, you need to combine smaller indexes into larger ones to free space—both in memory and on disk—to resolve queries quickly. To merge smaller indexes, you need to force a merge.

To force a merge

1. In the left frame of the Microsoft Management Console, select the catalog where you want to merge indexes.
2. From the Action menu, select Merge.
3. When the Merge Catalog? dialog box appears, click Yes.

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There are two types of indexes: word lists and persistent indexes.
Words and properties extracted from a document first appear in a word list, then move to a persistent index.
This organization is optimized for query responsiveness and performance also ensures optimal resource usage. Even though there are multiple indexes internally, these details completely hidden from the user.
The user sees only a list of documents that satisfy the query posted.

Content filters do several tasks, including:

• Extracting text chunks.
• Recognizing language shifts in multilingual documents.
• Handling embedded objects.

Content filters emit streams of characters, but Index Server indexes words, so it must be able to identify the words within the character stream. Different languages treat words and breaks between words differently.

Normalizer

The normalizer cleans up the words emitted by the word breaker, handling things like capitalization, punctuation and noise word removal.
In most languages, written text contains many noise words. English examples include “the,” “of,” “and,” “you,” and several hundred similar words. References to these words are not stored in the content index.

The system maintains a system-wide list of noise words on a per-language basis, which the administrator can customize. When one of these noise words produced while a document is being filtered, the noise word is ignored.

Noise word removal can significantly reduce the size of the overall index because noise words constitute the bulk of written text. Users can customize noise word lists to account for local slang and application-specific words.
Once words are normalized, they finally put into the content index.

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You install Index Server on Microsoft Windows NT Server through the Windows NT Option Pack Setup program. During installation, you specif}’ a catalog directory—a catalog is the highest-level unit of organization in Index Server—and optionally which language resource files to install.

Setup creates a CATALOG.WCI directory in the specified catalog directory to store the index and property cache. This directory may use up to 40 percent of the corpus size, so place it on a partition with enough space.

Also, during Setup, the Index Server files are copied to your computer in the following locations:

• Sample HTML and script files will be copied into /lissamples/lssamples.
• Administration files will be copied into /lisadmin/Isadmin.
• Documentation files will be copied into /Iishelp/Ix.

After installation, the Content Index service is started and begins indexing all documents in each of the virtual directories configured for the IIS Web server. This includes virtual directories for remote resources.

You can check to see if the Content Index service is running by looking in the Windows NT Control Panel, under Services. If the Content Index service is not running, you can start it by selecting Content Index and clicking Start.

After the initial indexing, the Content Index service (cisvc.exe) continues to index whatever documents you add to IIS. You can add new documents to existing virtual directories or add new virtual directories and put documents into them. The Content Index service continues to monitor and index all virtual directories on the server even when the World Wide Web (WWW) service is not running.

Index Server provides language-specific word breakers that understand how to break a stream of characters into valid words. These breakers understand a particular language’s structure and syntax and analyze the text to identify words. The word breakers accept a stream of characters on one side and emit words out the other.

Content filters are required because documents typically stored in some private file format. For example, WordPerfect files stored on the disk in a different way than Microsoft Word files. Most content indexing systems do not understand these private file formats and consequently, do not index them. Index Server uses programs called content filters to index private file formats. A content filter can be thought of as a small version of an application that knows how to read only its own files.

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Before you can create a report on usage activity, you must make sure that logging is enabled on your site.
To enable logging on a WWW or FTP site

1. Select a WWW or FTP site, then click the Properties button on the Toolbar.
2. On the Web Site or FTP Site property sheet, select the Enable Logging
   check box.
3. In the Active log format list, select a format.
4. By default, the Enable Logging check box is selected and the format is W3C Extended Log File Format.The following extended properties are enabled: Time, Client IP Address, Method, and URI Stem.
5. Click OK.

To save a log file

1. Make sure logging is enabled.
2. Select a WWW or FTP site, and then click the Properties button on the Toolbar.
3. On the Web Site or FTP Site property sheet, click Properties. The Logging Properties dialog box appears.
4. Under Log file directory, type the directory in which log files should be saved, accept the default if offered, or click Browse and locate the directory.
5. Click Apply.
6. A file name is displayed beneath the box showing the directory.
7. Click OK until you have closed all dialog boxes.

Before you can create a report on a log file, you must first import the file into the database.
To import a log file

1. Click the Start button, point to Programs, Windows NT 4.0 Option Pack, Microsoft Site Server Express 2.0, and then select Usage Import.
2. From the New Import panel of the Usage Import screen, use the Browse button to choose the log file, or specify its full path in the Log Location text box on the main Import module panel.
3. Click the Start Import button to begin importing the log file.

When the import module has finished importing the log file, it will display a message that includes the total time required to complete the operation.

Once you have imported log files into the database, you’re ready to produce analysis reports about the activity of your Internet sites.

Usage Import reconstructs actual requests and visits from users and organizations interacting with your Internet sites. The Report Writer enables you to analyze and cross-reference several properties of those requests, visits, users, and organizations. Its graphical interface provides you with a powerful and flexible tool for understanding activity on your sites.

When you start Report Writer, you are given the option to choose an analysis from a catalog of standard reports, create your own from scratch, or select a report you have previously created. The Report Writer catalog contains more than 20 standard reports, grouped as detail reports and summary reports.

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Report Writer can produce nine different pre-configured detail reports. The following list indicates what each detail report shows, and what it will help you determine about your Web site.

• Bandwidth :  Shows byte transfers on an hourly, daily, and weekly basis. This report will help you to identify trends over time, as well as averages per day of week and hour of a day. Use this information to plan maintenance or upgrades, or to alert you to the need for additional capacity to maintain an optimal user experience on your Web site.

• Browser and Operating System :  Shows browser market share, trends in Netscape and Microsoft versions and security support, and user operating systems. Use this information to design your Web site for proper user experience. This report requires “user agent” data within your server log files.

• Geography :  Shows the top cities, states/provinces, and regions in the United States and Canada, as well as the international countries visiting your Web site. Use this information to target your efforts towards the origin of your visitors, and to determine where to mirror your sites. This report requires “IP resolution” and “Whois queries” to be completed before analysis.

• Hit :  Shows the number of hits on the server each hour, day, and a week in addition to the average number of hits for a day of the week and an hour of the day. This report helps to determine when to conduct maintenance and install upgrades, and how to plan for additional capacity.

• Organization :  Shows the U.S., Canadian, and international organizations that visit your Web site. Use this information to monitor your target audience, identify new target customers, and generate leads from frequently visiting organizations. This report requires “IP resolution” and “Whois queries” to be completed before analysis.

• Referrer :  Shows the top external organization names and URLs that users linked from to reach your Web site. Use this information to evaluate the effectiveness of online advertising or promotions, or to identify synergistic locations for such programs. This report requires “referrer” data within your server log files, and “IP resolution” to be completed before analysis.

• Request :  Shows the most and least requested documents over time and by directory. This report indicates if there is objectionable material on your site, and what attracts the attention of site visitors.

• User : Lists the number of overall and first-time visitors to the location, and the average number of visits per user, users per organization, and requests and length of visit per user. This report also charts trends in usage by registered and unregistered users over time. This report lets you know if first-time users are returning to your site, if users are relying on your site habitually, and whether your site is becoming more popular over time.

• Visits :  Lists the number of requests made per visit by those users who do the most requesting, the average length of a visit, and the pages of your site that users are likely to access first during a visit or last just before leaving your site. It will also chart visit trends. This report helps to determine the characteristics of visitors to your site, as well as whether particular content is drawing users to, or repelling them from, your site.