Windows Hosting – Authenticating Users


authenticating-users

Use these properties to grant or deny access to this resource using IP addresses or Internet Domain names. Click Edit to grant or deny access to specific individuals or groups.

By default, all computers will be:

  • Granted Access – Select this button to all computers by default. Click Add to list those machines denied access.
  • Denied Access – Select this button to deny access to all computers by default. Click Add to list those computers granted access.

Use the directory property sheet to configure your Web server’s user identification security features.

Anonymous Access and Authentication Control

Sets the anonymous access and authentication control methods for access to the server. Click Edit to select one or more authentication methods from the following options:

Allow Anonymous Access – Check this box to allow anonymous users to log on to your web server. When a user establishes an anonymous connection, your server will log on the user with an anonymous or guest account, which is a valid Windows NT user account. Click Edit to specify which Windows NT User account to use for anonymous connections.

Basic Authentication – Check this box to enable your Web Server’s primary authentication method, where the password sent in clear text. By selecting this option, a username and password required when the Allow Anonymous option is disabled, or access to the server is controlled using NTFS Access Control Lists.

Windows NT Challenge/Response – Check this box to enable your Web server’s Windows NT Challenge/Response authentication methods. As with Basic authentication, a username and password required when the Allow Anonymous option is disabled, or access to the server is controlled using NTFS Access control lists.

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Windows Hosting – Web Site Operators


web-site-operators

Use the ‘Website Operators dialog box‘ to designate the users you want to be able to administer specific Web sites. To add a user to the current list of accounts that have administrative privileges, click the Add button. To remove a user from the list, select the account in the Operation list box and then click the Remove button.

The Operators property sheet allows you to grant operator privileges by username or group. The Director Security Property sheet enable you to grant or deny access based on IP address or domain name. To avoid any accessing conflicts your operator’s domains or IP addresses should be granted access to the Directory Security Property sheet.

Select this option to enable your website’s logging features, which can record details about user activity and create logs in your choice of format.

Active Log Format – Use this pulldown menu to select from:

  • W3C Extended Log File Format
  • NCSA Common Log File Format

ODBC Logging

The Properties button brings up the Microsoft Logging Properties screen appropriate to the Active Log format you have chosen. For example, clicking Properties for W3C Extended Log File Format would allow you to choose how often to create new logs, specify the file directory for the log, and select additional extended properties for logging.

Description – This dialog box lists the name you choose for the Web site and will appear in the tree view of the Internet Service.

IP Address – This dialog box lists the IP address for a Web site.

TCP Port – This dialog box determines the port on which each service will run. The default is port 80.

SSL port – This dialog box determines the port used by Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) transmission.

The Advanced button brings up the Advanced Multiple Web site Configuration screen, which allows you to specify additional identitites for the Web site.

Unlimited – Select this option to allow an unlimited number of connections to occur simultaneously.

Limited to – Select this option to limit the number of simultaneous connections to the server. In the dialog box, type the number of connections permitted.

Connection Timeout – Use this dialog box to set the length of time in seconds before the server disconnects an inactive user.

Performance Tuning

Adjust Performance Tuning setting to the number of daily connections you anticipate for your site. If the number is set slightly higher than the actual number of connections, the connections made faster, and server performance is improved. If the number is much greater than the real connection attempts, server memory is wasted, reducing overall server performance.

Enable Bandwidth Throttling

Check the Enable Bandwidth Throttling option to limit the bandwidth used by this Web site. For this Web site only, the value for bandwidth typed here overrides the value set at the computer level, even if this value is greater than values set at the level of equipment.

Connection Configuration

HTTP KeepAlives enabled – check this box to allow a client to maintain an open connection with your server, instead of reopening the client connection with each new request. KeepAlives are enabled by default.

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Access the Default Website Properties – Windows Hosting


access-the-default-website-properties

From the start menu, point to Programs, Windows NT Option Pack, Microsoft Internet Information Server, and then click Internet Service Manager.

  • In the left pane, double-click the IIS mode.
  • In the right pane, double-click the computer name node.
  • Right-click Default Web site and then click Properties.
  • The Default Web site properties dialog box appears with tabs for each property sheet.

Each site on your computer has its property sheets. The general settings or features for a site are displayed in these sheets and stored in a database like structure called the metabase. During the installation of IIS default values are assigned to the various properties on the property sheet. You can publish documents on your site without changing these default settings, but you can easily customize the settings as well.

Master – When IIS is installed on your computer, certain default properties applied to the Master property sheets. Each virtual site you create inherits these settings. If you change the settings on the Master property sheets, following virtual sites will inherit the new settings, but previously created virtual sites will not.

To access Master property sheets, open the Internet Service Manager, right click on your computer icon, click Properties and then click on the Edit button under the heading the Master properties.

Default – The installation process creates a Default Web site with its default properties. Every file you create within the Default Web site will inherit these settings.

Objects – Objects created in a virtual directory will inherit the virtual directory’s property sheet settings, whereas objects set up on the Default Web site will inherit the settings of the Default Web site’s property sheets. After an object created, the property sheets can be configured on the object level.

Use this property sheet to control which users have Website Operator privileges. Website operators are a group of users who have limited administrative privileges on individual Web sites, so they can administer properties that affect only their site.

The Access Permissions properties appear when you are working with a local directory or a network share. Use these check boxes to determine the type of access allowed to the directory.

Read – Select this check box to enable Web clients to read or download files stored in a home directory or a virtual directory.

Write – Select this check box to enable Web clients to upload files to the enabled directory on your server or to change content in a write enabled file.

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Windows Hosting Web site property sheets


windows-hosting-web-site-property-sheets

All Web site property sheets can be accessed using the Internet Service Manager snap-in for the Microsoft Management Console.

To set properties for the application, click the Configuration button. You can then choose from the following four application configuration property sheets:

  1. Application Mappings – Use this property sheet to set map file name extensions to the application that processes those files.
  2. Active Server Pages (ASP) – Use this property sheet to set an option that controls how ASP scripts run.
  3. ASP debugging – Use this property sheet to set debugging options for ASP scripts.
  4. Other – Use this property sheet to set or change the CGI script Timeout Value.

Use this property sheet to set options for Internet Server Application Programming Interface (ISAPI) filters. ISAPI can be used to run remote applications. Requesting a URL mapped to a filter activates these applications. The properties are used to map the file name extension to the proper filter on the Web Server.
The table lists the status of each filter (loaded, unloaded or disabled) the name of the filter and the priority rating of the filter (high, medium or low) set inside the DLL. Click the Add, Remove, and Edit buttons to modify filter mappings. Click the enable or disable buttons to change the status of filters. Select a filter and click the arrows to change the order in which the filters run.

Use this property sheet to change the home directory of your Web site or modify the properties of your home directory. The home directory is the central location for the files published on your Website. A default home directory, called www root created when you install the WWW service. You can change the location of the home directory to one of the following:

  • A directory located on the computer
  • A share located on another computer
  • A redirection to a URL

In the Local Path text box, type the precise path to the new directory, share or destination URL.

The Content Control properties appear when you are working with a local directory or a network share.

Log Access – Select this check box to record visits to this directory in a log file.

Directory Browsing Allowed – Select this check box to show the user a hypertext listing of the files and subdirectories in this directory so that file user can navigate through the directory structure. A hypertext directory listing is generated automatically and sent to the user when a browser request does not include a specific file name and when no default document is in the specified directory.

Index this Directory – Select this check box to instruct the Microsoft Index server to include this directory in a full-text index of your Web site. This will enable to search quickly for words or phrases in documents on your website.

Front Page Web – Select this check box to create Microsoft FrontPage Web for this directory.

The Custom Errors property sheet lists the messages returned to the browser in the event of an HTTP error. Administrators can use the default HTTP 1.1 errors or customize the error messages with their own content. When error messages are customized, the HTTP error code is listed, in addition to the output type, which can be default HTTP error, a local absolute URL or a pointer to a file.

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Windows Hosting Application Point


windows-hosting-application-point

An application defined as all the directories and files contained within a directory marked as an application starting point until another application starting point reached.
If you make your site’s home directory an application point, then every virtual directory and physical directory within your site can participate in the application.

To make this directory an application starting point and thus create an application, click the Create button. To dissociate this home directory from an application click the Remove button. Type the name of the application in the Name text box. The name will appear in the property sheets for any directory contained within the application boundary.

Run in Separate Memory Space – Select this check box to run the application in a separate process from the Web server process. Running an isolated application protects other applications, including the web server itself, from being affected if this application crashes or hangs.

Permission – This property controls whether applications can be run in this directory

Name – Does not allow any programs or scripts to run in this directory.

Script – Enables a script engine to run in this directory without having Execute permissions set.

Execute – Allows an application to run in this directory, including script engines and Windows NT binaries (.dll and .exe files)

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Server Application Process – Windows Hosting


server-application-process

You can isolate server applications, meaning they will be run in a process separate from the Web server process in order to avoid affecting the running of the server should that application fail. Isolating an application can alos be described as running it in a separate memory space. Generally, it is a good idea to isolate applications, although slightly more memory is used, the server will be less likely to fail if an application fails.

Basic Process

With Windows NT Server and IIS, setting up remote administration for customers is easy. You just provide each client with a Windows NT user account and a browser that supports JavaScript and frames and set up a Windows NT account for each customer. You then set permissions on the appropriate virtual servers and directories so clients can make changes only to their own websites.

Because you grant each client permissions for its respective virtual server only, other sites on your computer will be unaffected by any changes or any mistakes that any one customer makes. If a customer wants to run dynamic Web Pages that makes use of Microsoft Active X scripting or ISAPI based programs, you can enable the IIS process isolation feature on those applications. It would isolate the scripts or programs so that they cannot affect the other Web sites hosted on the server computer, thus providing “crash protection” for your server.

Cache

HTTP and FTP run from within the same process, therefore they can share cached data such as file handles, account information and log file data for logging to text files.

Logging

Logging tracks which users access the site. Tracking users help to identify security and performance issues. Logging can direct to either a log file that can be processed off a line and offers faster performance or to an Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) data source name (DSN) for dynamic evaluation.

Thread

A thread is a unit of execution. It is the actual component of a process that runs at one time. A thread runs in the address space of the process, using resources allocated to the process. A thread pool is a group of threads used within the process for a particular operation.

Using threads in a thread pool is the fast method of creating additional execution states. While a full-fledged process has both separate address space, register set and implementation point, a thread has a different register set and implementation point but shares the address space. For this reason, using threads is faster and more efficient that spawning child processes to handle tasks for the Web Server.
A thread contains:

  • A stack for use when running in user mode
  • A stack for use when running in Kernel mode
  • A processor state including the current instruction pointer (register)

Connection: A transport layer virtual circuit established between two applications.

Programs: The tools used for communication.

Message: The basic unit of HTTP communication, consisting of a structured sequence of octets and transmitted through the connection.

Request: An HTTP request message.

Response: An HTTP response message.

Resource: A network data object or service which can be identified by a URL entity.

Metabase

The metabase is a structure for storing configuration settings. It performs some fo the same functions as the system registry but uses less disk space.

You can modify the metabase by configuring values using Internet Service Manager, the IIS Admin Objects user interface, which conforms to the Microsoft Active Directory Service Interface. You can also modify the metabase using the IIS Admin Base Object, which is implemented through DCOM.

Just like editing the registry, configuring properties in the metabase incorrectly can cause problems. If you make mistakes, your website or FTP site’s configuration damaged, including the failure of a Web site or FTP site. You should edit metabase properties only for settings that you cannot adjust in the user interface and be very careful whenever you edit the metabase directly.

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Windows Hosting IIS Protocols and Connectors


windows-hosting-iis-protocols-and-connectors

File Transfer Protocol : FTP was designed to move files between two computers on a TCP/IP network. IIS supports FTP through Windows Sockets. FTP uses TCP as its transport protocol for all communication and data exchanges between the client and the server. However, IIS communicates with Windows Sockets and then Windows Sockets interfaces with TCP.

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP): SMTP is used to exchange mail on a TCP/IP network. Microsoft SMTP uses TCP as the transport protocol for all exchanges between the mail client and server.

Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP): NNTP is used to read messages posted in newsgroups on the Internet. NNTP uses TCP as its transport protocol for all exchanges between the news client and server.
Connectors appear mostly in the form of extensions in IIS. A connctor is an Internet Server Application Programming Interface dynamic link library (ISAPI DLL) that acts as a communications pipe between IIS and a service. The following connectors are supported by IIS:

Microsoft BackOffice connectors : These include:

Microsoft Exchange Server/Web Connector : Supports public folder integration with IIS

ODBC connector: Allows communication with any ODBC complaint database engine.

Common Gateway Interface (CGI) : Developed for UNIX based systems to extend web server software. IIS supports CGI applications for backward compatibility.

ISAPI filters: Used to pre-process packets before they enter or leave the IIS process. These filters give added flexibility to the IIS architecture. Secure Socket Layers (SSL) is one example of an ISAPI filter.

Active Server Pages: Provides an open scripting system for dynamic creation of Web content.

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Windows Hosting IIS architecture


windows-hosting-iis-architecture

Application Services layer

The top layer of IIS architecture is the Application Services layer. This layer provides some of the extensibility options for IIS. These options include Active Server Pages (ASP) and Index Server.

Web Application Manager

All information enters and exits the Application service layer through the Web Application Manager (WAM). WAM sits above the Web services layer and provides the following features:

  • Housing components for ISAPI DLLs
  • Translation from Independent Software Vendor (ISV) to core IIS features
  • Support multiple ISAPI dlls.
  • Crash recovery
  • Unit for process isolation
  • WAM found in the Wam.dll file.

ISAPI

ISAPI is an application program interface that resides on a server on a server computer for initiating software servcices tuned for Microsoft Windows NT operating system.

Active Server Pages

The Active Server Pages (ASP) component provides the functionality for server-side ASP.

Index Server

The Index Server component provides functionality for indexing and querying files on IIS. Implemented as a separate ISAPI DLL. Index server objects can also be accessed from ASP.

HTTP ODBC

The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) component supports the Internet Database Connector (IDC) scripts. The IDC scripts offer ways to generate dynamic pages from data stored in ODBC compliant databases displayed on Web Pages.
ASP offers a feature rich way to access databases and create dynamic pages and is a more efficient option than using IDC scripts for this task.

Server Side Include

The Server Side Include (SSI) directives component allows IIS to include text, graphics, and application information into an HTML page just before sending the HTML page to a user. SSI can be used to include, for example, a time/date stamp, a copyright notice, or a form for a customer to fill out and return. Using SSI to include a file is an easy way to incorporate text or graphics that will be repeated in many files. Rather than typing the necessary information into every file, SSI allows you to use a statement to instruct the Web server to read from a file instead.

The Web server processes SSI directives while it is processing the HTML page. When it reaches an SSI directive, the Web server inserts the contents of the included file directly into an HTML page. If the included file, in turn, contains an SSI directive, that file is also inserted.

Web service layer

The middle IIS architecture layer is called the Web service layer. This layer houses the core functionality of IIS.

Asynchronous Thread Queue

The asynchronous thread queue (ATQ) component maintains the pool of input-output threads for handling input-output operations. ATQ constantly monitors specific TCP sockets. ATQ also controls the bandwidth throttling feature of IIS. ATQ included in the Isatq.dll file.
Infocomm.dll
The Infocomm.dll component handles the following functions for IIS:

  • File handling cache
  • Security
  • Authentication by SSL
  • Administration Support
  • Utilities
  • Service Controller Interface
  • Meta cache (run time cache)

Instance support implements Host Headers for the Web server and multiple domains for the NNTP service

FTP

This component handles all FTP requests

Isadmin

This component houses the Distribute Component Object Model (DCOM) for the metabase. It serves as the Gateway for administrators of IIS services.

WWW

This component handles all WWW requests.

SMPT/NNTP

The Microsoft Internet Server Application Programming Interface (ISAPI) is an alternative to Common Gateway Interface (CGI). ISAPI provides the benefits of low overhead, fast loading, better scalability and efficient use of resources. The extensions are used to process requests and generate custom dynamic data.

ISAPI Filters

An ISAPI filter is another type of ISAPI application. You can use an ISAPI filter to receive notifications of various events during the handling of HTTP requests. The ISAPI filter is a DLL which when first loaded lets the server know what type of HTTP notifications it will handle. Subsequently, that filter will receive those notifications corresponding to those requests whether it is a file, a CGI script or an ISAPI application.

ISAPI filters are very powerful and can be used to facilitate a number of different applications, including the following:

  • Custom authentication schemes
  • Compression
  • Encryption
  • Customized logging
  • Traffic analysis or other request analyses

CGI

The CGI component supports the use of the Common Gateway Interface on an IIS server. CGI is a server side interface for initiating software services. It includes a set of interfaces that describes how a Web server communicates with software on the same computer. CGI applications always run out of a process.

Windows NT Systems Service Layer

The lowest layer in the IIS architecture is the Windows NT Systems Service Layer. Data enters this layer through TCP/IP and exits through windows sockets.

TCP/IP

TCP/IP provides a set of networking protocols that support communication across interconnected networks made up of computers with diverse hardware architecture and operating systems.

Windows Sockets

Windows Sockets (Winsock) is a Windows implementation of the widely used UC Berkeley sockets. Application programming Interface (API). Windows sockets interface between programs and the transport protocol and works as a bi-directional pipe for incoming and outgoing data.

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Windows Hosting using Virtual Servers


windowhosting-using-virtual-server

Multiple domain names can be hosted on a single computer running Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS) using virtual servers. There are three ways of hosting virtual servers on IIS.

      • The first is to obtain a unique Internet protocol (IP) address for each domain name assigned to the server.
      • The second is to use Host Headers. Host Headers allow multiple domain names to be hosted on IIS using a single IP address.
      • The third is to assign unique port number to each virtual server.

Virtual servers can be established for WWW and File Transfer Protocol (FTP) services running on IIS.
FTP sites can use either unique IP addressing or unique port number assignment to host a virtual server. Only WWW sites can use Host Headers in addition to unique IP addressing or unique port number assignment to host virtual servers.

HTTP that led to the World Wide Web (WWW) grew out of a need for a universal protocol to simplify the way users access information on the Internet. A generic, stateless, object-oriented protocol location in the application layer of the Internet protocol stack, HTTP is used for many functions such as name servers and distrubuted object management systems through an extension of its request methods or commands.

HTTP categorizes data, allowing systems to be built independently of the data transferred.

Metabase

IIS stores most of its configuration information in a database called the metabase, which replaces the function of the registry for IIS. The metabase can be accessed using Active Directory Interface (ADSI). ADSI used as an interface for scripting purposes.

Active Directory Service Interface

Active Directory Service Interface (ADSI) is a general interface for administering services in Windows NT. IIS allows an ADSI provider to connect applications to the metabase using the ADSI interface.

Microsoft Management Console

The Microsoft Management Console (MMC) interface allows snap-ins hosted by the MMC to communicate with the IIS metabase.

HTMLA

HTML based administration (HTMLA) communicates with the IIS metabase over the Internet or Intranet. This structure enables administration of the Web Server even if the website is down.

Windows Scripting Host

The Windows Scripting Host (WSH) serves as a controller of Active X Scripting engines. Just as Microsoft Internet, Explorer does. Because teh Scripting host is not a full Internet browser, it has a small memory footprint and therefore is appropriate for performing simple, quick tasks.

The scripting engine does not use the SCRIPT tag as it is employed in HTML. Instead, it relies on the file name extension. This way, the script writer need to be familiar with the exact programmer’s identifier (ProgID) of various script engines. The scripting host maintains a mapping of the script extension to ProgIDs and uses the Windows association model to launch appropriate engine.

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JAVA Applet


java-applet

The APPLET tag in an HTML document identifies the name of a Java program called an applet included in a Web page. The name of the applet is called its class name. This name associated with the executable bytecodes that run the applet.

Put the following lines in a file called bhj.html:

<HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE>CPWebHosting – Control Panel Web Hosting</TITLE>

</HEAD>

<BODY>

<APPLET Code=”Hi.class” Width=”600″ Height=”300″>

</APPLET>

</BODY>

</HTML>

In the example, there is an open APPLET tag, <APPLET>, and a close APPLET tag, </APPLET>. The attributes shown here are Code, to identify the class file which contains the Java bytecodes and the Width and Height attributes, measured in pixels, to describe how much room should reserved on the Web page for the applet.
Let me provide you the general syntax of the APPLET TAG

<APPLET

Codebase = “path to a directory containing class files.”

Code = “name of class file”

Width = “width of applet in pixels”

Height = “height of applet in pixels”>

<PARAM Name=”parameter name” Value=”value of parameter”>

<PARAM Name=”parameter name” Value=”value of parameter”>

</APPLET>

here is a minimal Java applet that will help you:

import java.awt.Graphics;

/**

A first hello.

*/

public class Hi extends java.applet.Applet {

public void init() {

resize(600, 300);

}

public void paint(Graphics context) {

context.drawString(“Hello, world!”, 50, 100);

}

}

You can place Java code in a file named bhj.java. Next, you have to compile the Java source code using the Java compiler, javac. At the operating system prompt ($), enter:

$ javac bhj.java

If there are no errors, the compiler will create a file named bhj.class that contains the bytecodes for the HelloWorld applet.

So at this point, you have the following:

 *A file called bhj.html. This is the hypertext markup language (HTML) source file.
*A file called bhj.java. This is the Java language source file.
*A file called bhj.class. This is the Java bytecode file.

If you have a Java-enabled browser, you can test this applet. Use the browser to open the file HelloWorld.html. Alternatively, you can also use the applet viewer supplied with the Java Developer’s Kit (JDK) to view applets without having to make an HTML page to reference them.

Once the applet is downloaded, it need not be downloaded again, even if the applet code defines repeated loops or other interaction. The user might use a downloaded applet several times over the course of an online session without any more network retrievals.

Java enabled and non-enabled browsers

In a non-Java Web browser, the downloaded content defined concerning Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) specifications, which include a variety of multimedia document formats. The browser needs to employ a helper application such as in displaying images, sound, and video to display the content.

In a Java-enabled browser, the same pattern is followed, but one more crucial step is added. First, the Java-enabled browser, following requests by the user, downloads content defined by MIME specifications and displays it. However, a Java-enabled browser recognizes a particular hypertext tag called APPLET which is a special kind of Java program. The browser then downloads another file of information, as named in an attribute of the APPLET tag, that describes the execution of that applet which is called bytecode.

The Java-enabled browser interprets these bytecodes and runs them as an executable program on the user’s host. The resulting execution on the user’s host then drives the animation, interaction, or further communication. This execution of content on the user’s host is what sets Java content apart from the hypertext and other multimedia content of the Web. The downloading and start of the execution of content happens automatically.

The user does not specifically have to request this content or start its execution, this executable content is platform-independent, Java programmers need not create separate versions of the applets for different computer platforms, as long as the user has a Java interpreter (or Java-enabled browser) installed on his or her computer.

That means that the resulting executable content shifts the site of activity from the Web server to the Web client (the Java-enabled browser).

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