File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the protocol used to transfer files between two computers on a Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) network. FTP was one of the earliest protocols used on TCP/IP networks and the Internet. Although the World Wide Web (WWW) has replaced most functions of FTP, it is still used to copy files between clients and servers over the Internet.

FTP to transfer files between two computers, both computers must support their respective FTP roles. For example, one needs to be an FTP client and the other an FTP server. The FTP client can issue commands to the server to download and upload files and create and change directories on the server.

FTP uses TCP as its transport for all communications and data exchanges between the client and the server. TCP is a connection-oriented protocol, which means the communications session is established between the client and the server before data is transmitted. The connection remains active during the entire FTP session. Connection-oriented sessions are known for their reliability and error recovery features. These features include the following:

• Flow control : Because both client and server computers participate in the transmission of the packets, any potential problems of packet overflows and lost packets are virtually eliminated.

• Acknowledgment : The computer sending data packets expects an acknowledgment (ACK) from the destination computer. This acknowledgment verifies that the packet was successfully received at the destination.

• Retransmission : If the transmitting computer does not receive an ACK for a specified period, it assumes that the packet became lost or corrupted and retransmitted the packet.

• Sequencing : All packets are numbered and sent in order, so the receiving
  computer knows how to reorganize the data.

• Checksum : All packets contain a checksum to ensure the integrity of the data. If the data is corrupted somewhere during the transmission, the checksum is used to indicate that the data is not the same data that was sent.

FTP is distinct from the Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP). TFTP is a fast, simple file transfer protocol that uses the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) transport. UDP, unlike TCP, is a connectionless protocol and does not have the capability of re-transmitting packets. This means that UDP is not as reliable as TCP.

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Summary Reports contain the basic information about the organizations, users, visits and requests analyzed from the log file. Detail reports add additional statistics, charts, graphs, and tables to show a more comprehensive picture of the usage.

Report Writer can produce twelve different pre-configured summary reports. The following list indicates what each summary report shows, and what it will help you determine about your Web site.

• Bandwidth : Lists the average amount of bandwidth used each day, and offers analyses by day of week, hour of a day, and work vs. non-work hours. This helps to determine if special circumstances are saturating bandwidth and causing performance problems, or if connection problems are suggested by abnormal bandwidth usage.

• Browser and Operating System : Indicates which browsers and operating systems the visitors to your site are using, and whether you should adjust your content to accommodate them.

• Executive : Highlights the information contained in the Detail reports.

• Executive Summary for Extended Logs : Highlights the information in the Detail reports for users of extended log files.

• Geography : A summary of the Geography detail report.

• Hit : A summary of the Hit detail report.

• Organization : A summary of the Organization detail report.

• Path : Lists the sequence of requests that a user makes when navigating through your site, indicating whether links need to be rearranged to facilitate access to key content on your site.

• Referrer : A summary of the Referrer detail report.

• Request : A summary of the Request detail report.

• User : A summary of the User detail report.

• Visit: A summary of the Visit detail report.

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Content Analyzer offers eight pre-configured searches for errors or potential weaknesses throughout your site. You can access these searches through Tools on the strip menu and Quick Search on the pull-down menu.

Pre-configured Quick Searches

The following lists the quick searches available and indicates what running them will reveal to the user.

• Broken Links : Shows links that do not successfully connect to their destination object.

• Home Site Objects : Shows objects that share the same domain as your home page, and determines whether an object needing maintenance or repair accessed through the local security structure.

• Images without ALT : Reveals images are lacking the optional ALT text string, allowing one to determine which graphics would not display a placeholder label to text-only browsers because this string is missing.

• Load Size Over 32K : Shows which resources require more than 32 KB of data to pass over your communications link during load, indicating which resources might need to be streamlined to reduce their download time.

• Non-Home Site Objects : Lists objects that do not share the same domain as your home page, thus revealing which linked pages are not under your immediate control. You will want to test the reliability of these links frequently.

• Not Found Objects (404): Lists objects that could not be located when the site was mapped, revealing which objects have links that must be removed or repaired.

• Unavailable Objects : Reveals objects that could not be located, or could not be accessed when located. This could be due to a down host server, a broken communication link, or password protection on the object.

• Unverified Objects : Shows objects that have not been checked to determine whether they are accessible.

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Content Analyzer provides Site Summary reports to help you understand the mix of content on a site.
These reports include:

• Counts and sizes for objects such as pages, images, and applications.
• Counts of objects and links that are OK missing, or in error.
• The number of levels in use by the site, where the home page is considered level one.
• The average number of links per page.

Generating a Site Summary Report

There are three ways to run the Site Summary report:

1. Select the Generate Site Reports checkbox when creating a new WebMap.
2. Use the Generate Site Reports toolbar button.
3. Choose Tools on the strip menu and Generate Site Reports on the pulldown menu.

Using a Site Summary Report

The following list shows the function and purpose of the specific entries in this report, and indicates the types of questions the reports will answer:

Object Statistics—count and size of

• Pages : Are my pages getting too large to load with minimal hardware and standard browsers?

• Images : Do I include enough visuals in my site presentation?

• Gateways : How many links permit browsers to run Common Gateway Interface (CGI) scripts on my server using GET or POST commands?

• Internet : How many links point to Internet services such as Telnet?

• A Java : Is the number of links to Java applications appropriate considering the anticipated mix of browsers among the visitors to my site?

• Applications :  What is the capacity planning implications of the number of links to applications?

• Audio :  Is the number of audio links appropriate for the anticipated percentage of audio-enabled hardware among the visitors to my site?

• Video :  Is the number of video links appropriate for the anticipated percentage of video-enabled hardware among the visitors to my site?

• Text : Is the number of text objects appropriate for the anticipated percentage of visitors who will be using Lynx or other text-only browsers on older hardware?

• WebMaps : Do I have sufficient WebMap links to assist my users in navigating the site?

• Other Media : Do I use links to other media?

• Totals : How complicated is my site? Would it be more effective if I streamlined the contents?

Status Summary—number of objects and links

Onsite

• OK : What is the condition of my onsite links? Do I need to allocate more resources to repairing and maintaining them?

• Not Found (code 404): What is the condition of my onsite links? Do I need to allocate more resources to repairing and maintaining them?

• Other Errors : What is the condition of my onsite links? Do I need to allocate more resources to repairing and maintaining them?

• Unverified : What is the condition of my onsite links? Do I need to allocate more resources to repairing and maintaining them?

Offsite

• OK : What is the condition of my offsite links? Do I need to allocate more resources to repairing and maintaining them?

• Not Found (code 404): What is the condition of my offsite links? Do I need to allocate more resources to repairing and maintaining them?

• Other Errors: What is the condition of my offsite links? Do I need to allocate more resources to repairing and maintaining them?

• Unverified: What is the condition of my offsite links? Do I need to allocate more resources to repairing and maintaining them?

Map Statistics

• Map Date : Is this report current? Do I need to remap my site at this time?

• Levels: How much navigating through links is necessary to get from my home page to the “outer edge” of my site?

• Average Links per Page: Has my site been logically structured? Do I have a confusing mesh of links between everything and everything else? Should I streamline the links so that I can more closely control the ways in which visitors will use the site?

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Microsoft Site Server Express enables you to publish content, manage content, and analyze usage on your Web sites. For performing these functions, Site Server Express relies on its components, Content Analyzer, Usage Import and Report Writer, and Posting Acceptor.
Using the Content Analyzer component of Site Server Express, site administrators can visualize how their sites are laid out, identify broken links, and create comprehensive HTML reports containing detailed information on the content of the site.

• The Usage Import and Report Writer components enable you to analyze imported Microsoft Internet Information Server version (IIS) log files, and organize this information using any of 21 pre-defined reports.

• Posting Acceptor is a server add-on tool that Web content providers can use to publish their content using HTTP Post (RFC 1867).

Content Analyzer provides comprehensive site visualization, content analysis, link management, and reporting capabilities for managing Web sites. Web masters, content authors, and Web server administrators can use Content Analyzer to find broken links, analyze site structure and object properties, manage local and remote sites, and perform a variety of other Web site management tasks.

When you start Content Analyzer, you’re prompted with the option of rendering a WebMap of a selected Web site. These WebMaps show your entire site in an easy-to-understand, visual format. WebMaps include graphical representations of the resources in your site, such as HTML pages and graphic images; audio, video, and program files; Java, Portable Document Format (PDF), or Microsoft Word files; Internet services, such as Gopher and FTP. WebMaps also store information about all the objects and links on a site, such as a file size and date last modified. They act as a unifying hub for examining all of a site’s resources.

You can quickly scan a WebMap through two graphical representations, the Tree view, and the Cyberbolic view.

The Tree view shows a hierarchy of objects. It will look familiar to users of Microsoft Windows NT Explorer. The Tree view is very easy to read but displays a limited amount of information on the screen at a time.

Icons that Represent Objects

An icon and its text label represent each object in the Tree view. The Home page icon is at the top of the Tree. The icons that represent Level 2 resources— resources linked directly to the home page—are indented beneath the home page icon. Level 3 icons—representing resources two links away from the home page—are indented beneath the Level 2 icons. The result is very much like the outline of a document.

Control Icons

Control icons are small gray squares that may be marked with a plus sign, minus sign, or question mark. They are found to the left of the icons that represent various objects. Click unmarked gray squares to make the object the focal point of the Cyberbolic view when both tree and Cyberbolic views are visible. Click the plus sign control icon to expand the view and show the objects that are directly linked to that object. Click a minus sign control icon to collapse this expanded view and shorten the visible Tree to its original state. A question mark means that a particular page has not yet been examined to determine if there is a level of linked objects below it. Pages without control icons have been examined and have no links to any other page.

The Cyberbolic view is a dynamic nonlinear picture of a site. Its strength lies in helping you to immediately grasp the layout of an entire site.

Shows Relationships among Web Objects

The Cyberbolic view shows the relationships among Web objects starting with any object you choose as a point of focus. When you click on an object in the Cyberbolic view, that object will move to the left or center of the view. Two toolbar buttons control left/right or center orientation.

Default Cyberbolic View

The default Cyberbolic view shows only Web pages, as opposed to other resources, and main routes (the quickest routes to the home page). This reduces clutter and allows ample room for page labels. Use the Display Options box accessed through the View menu to determine which objects to display.

Object Labels

In the Cyberbolic view, all objects have a short label by default. A longer descriptive label will appear when you place your mouse over the object.

No Expanding or Collapsing Levels

Since all objects are always available to be viewed, there are no expanding or collapsing levels as in the Tree view.

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When MTS introduced, the only resource manager supported was SQL Server (MSDTC and OLE Transaction Resource Managers).
In version 2.0, MSDTC is still the Transaction Manager, and it still uses OLE Transaction protocol. However, a specification has been written to allow MTS to support X/Open Resource Managers using X/’ protocol.

One of the changes to Microsoft Internet Information Server version 4.0 (IIS) is the integration of Active Server Pages (ASP) technology and Microsoft Transaction Server (MTS.) The ASP technology built into IIS makes it possible to apply the client-server model to Web-based applications. It means faster responses to queries and less network traffic.

Under nS, ASP functionality has been extended further to accommodate scalable three-tier applications. Active Server Pages are now based on MTS. It means individual pages can be declaratively transactional and ASP applications can run in separate address spaces for reliability and security. Transactions cannot span pages; this is not usually good practice in a scalable application since it dictates that the server would need to keep state over multiple user interactions.

In IIS, each subtree of pages defined as an application can run either in the main IIS process (Inetinfo.exe) or in a particular MTS process (Mtx.exe). Process Isolation can be used to run a test or for staging version of new applications separately from the stable applications. Each server can run a combination of isolated and non-isolated applications.

The ability of the Webmaster to control how and where applications run means new versions of COM components or the IS API DLL could be loaded without stopping the entire Web server.

Since these types of separate applications based on MTS, they benefit from the reliability features of MTS. It means these apps will restart automatically after a component-based failure.

All of the Internet Server Application Programming Interface (ISAPI) management and Active Server Pages (ASP) code moved into a component called the Web Application Manager (WAM). Each application given a Globally Unique Identifier (GUID), and the WAMs registered as MTS components. Each application is a unique object.

IIS applications that are declared to run in-process registered in the MTS default in-process package. It is referred to in the MTS snap-in as “IIS In-Process Applications.” Any application can be moved in-process or out-of-process and started or stopped at will since it is hosted in an MTS package

All of the usual MTS services are available to the WAM, including connection pooling, distributed transaction processing, and creating the object context.

When an HTTP request comes into the server, processed, and the Web server determines whether it is plain HTML (or other plain MIME types) or a request for an ISAPI or ASP application. If it is ISAPI or ASP, the WAM map consulted, and the request routed to the appropriate WAM. As previously mentioned, WAMs can manage in-process or out-of-process applications.

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Application developers can include MSMQ operations within transactional units of work that access other recoverable resources, such as databases.

MSMQ operations commit or abort along with other resources in the transaction to preserve data integrity. For example, if an application updates a database and sends a message to another application within a transaction, any abort condition will cause the database updates to roll back. MSMQ will also roll back by canceling the send operation. MSMQ never completes sending operations until transactions commit. It prevents receivers from getting messages from transactions that abort.

MSMQ takes similar actions when receive operations occur within a transaction. If the transaction aborts, MSMQ rolls back the receive operation by putting the received message back in its queue.

This message becomes available for receipt by subsequent transactions. The MSMQ transactional features are important because many types 9f problems will occur if abort logic does not include queue operations. For example, if a receive operation does not roll back when associated database operations rolled back, the message effectively becomes lost because no database processing occurs.

MSMQ tightly integrated with MTS. All calls to MSMQ from transaction-enabled ActiveX components running under MTS automatically join whatever transaction is active.

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Microsoft Transaction Server (MTS) is configured using the MTS Explorer snap-in, a graphical management tool used to deploy and manage solutions across a network. MTS Explorer provides developers and administrators with a complete view of all the components deployed within a solution.

To open Microsoft Transaction Server snap-in

1. On the Start menu, point to Programs, Microsoft Internet Information Server, Microsoft Transaction Server, and then click Transaction Server Explorer.
2. The Microsoft Transaction Server snap-in opens in Microsoft Management Console.
3. The Microsoft Transaction Server Explorer includes point and click wizards for assembling and configuring a solution from pre-built packages and components. A package is a set of components that perform related application functions.

These wizards include:

• Package Wizard. To create packages.
• Component Wizard. To add components to a package. The wizard either lists all components already registered in the system, or enables the administrator to register new components.
• Add Server Wizard. To .export a package to a remote server, dynamically adding servers to a distributed solution.
• Add Clients Wizard. To add client systems to a distributed solution.
• Configure Wizard. To set the transactional properties of components deployed within a package.
• Security Wizard. To configure the security attributes of components and packages.

The Microsoft Transaction Server Explorer includes the following GUI utilities:

1. Transaction Lists. To list the properties of the running transactions.
2. Transaction Statistics. To track transaction performance.
3. Trace Messages. To view trace messages.

The following is an example of a standard transaction that occurs in the banking industry.

Architecture

The bank application consists of four components:

1. Account. Uses ODBC calls to modify an account record in a single database.
2. MoveMoney. Performs debit, credit, and transfer operations against different bank databases.
3. Receipt. Generates a unique ED number for each bank transaction.
4. UpdateReceipt. Allocates ranges of unique ED numbers for receipts.

Transaction

This is an example of a simple application getting all of the benefits of a sophisticated, high-end server infrastructure—including transactions, location transparency, thread and process management, and database connection pooling—through integration with Microsoft Transaction Server (MTS).

• The client initiates a bank transaction by invoking MoveMoney.
• MoveMoney invokes an Account component for each database that it needs to modify. MoveMoney‘also invokes the Receipt component for each bank transaction.
• MTS makes sure that the work of all these components executes as a single unit (or transaction), even though these are different components that could be written in different languages.
  Each one of these components is built as a simple, single-user ActiveX component, yet executes as “multiuser” through MTS thread and process management services.
• The Account Components access the SQL Server database via MTS ODBC resource dispensers, a mechanism for high-performance database access.

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Microsoft Messaging Queue (MSMQ) makes it easy for application programs to communicate with other application programs quickly, reliably and asynchronously by sending and receiving messages.

Up until this point, the prevalent type of client-server communication used was synchronous communication. Although this provides real-time online transaction behavior, it is inappropriate where a slow link separates resources.

Another type of communication, known as store-and-forward, provides real-enough-time behavior and is used to overcome the limitations of slow links and unavailable servers in an asynchronous method.

Rather than update a resource immediately, store-and-forward saves a message in a holding area (or queue) for later delivery.
When the line is available, the message forwarded along the path to its final destination. It is similar to the way Internet-based e-mail works.

Microsoft Message Queue Server (MSMQ)

MSMQ provides an easy way for applications to communicate with other applications over a network by sending and receiving messages. MSMQ messages can contain data in any format that makes sense to both the sender and the receiver.

When an application receives a request message, it processes the request by reading the contents of the message and acting accordingly. If required, the receiving application can send a response message back to the original requestor.

While in transit between senders and receivers, MSMQ keeps messages queues—henee the name message queuing. MSMQ queues protect messages from being lost in transit and provide a place for receivers to look for new messages when they are ready. Most importantly, applications can use MSMQ to send messages and continue processing, regardless of whether the receiving application is running or reachable over the network. The receiver may be unreachable because of a problem or may have been naturally disconnected, as is the case with applications used by remote or mobile users.

Whenever the network becomes available, or the receiving application is ready to process requests, MSMQ will deliver any waiting messages—with the reliability required by mission-critical applications.

MSMQ offers a broad range of other features such as ActiveX support, dynamic routing and configuration, multiple delivery and acknowledgment options, and integration with Windows NT security facilities.

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Microsoft Transaction Server (MTS) provides a reliable environment for running applications. Besides, it provides error recovery protection for all transactional applications running on Microsoft® Internet Information Server version 4.0 (HS.)

Microsoft Transaction Server (MTS) is designed for flexibility, providing businesses with many deployment choices based on their existing systems and continuously changing requirements.

Location Transparency

MTS application components are location transparent. It is unnecessary for the client of a component to know the physical location of the component in the file system or on the network. If this knowledge is unavailable to the client, it forces a consistent approach for interaction with components.

The same exact components can be deployed so that all users can share them. This means that only one set of source code needs to be supported for multiple configurations. This lowers the costs associated With maintaining code and it increases deployment options.

Note It is a good idea to place business objects in a central location on the network. Objects can be shared among applications, and unit testing can be conducted before any components are deployed. Maintenance costs are decreased because changes to rules only occur at a single point.

Integration with DOOM

MTS uses the distributed version of Component Object Model (COM) for component-to-component communications across a network. DCOM is a fast, native object transport for Windows NT and Microsoft Windows 95 and is licensed as an open-industry standard to technology vendors through the Open Group.

Database and Resource Manager Flexibility

MTS is designed to work with any resource manager, including relational databases, file systems, and image stores, that supports a transactional two-phase commit protocol. This enables businesses to deploy high-performance applications on MTS that take advantage of existing investments in UNIX and mainframe data stores.

Integration with Microsoft SQL Server

MTS is tightly integrated with Microsoft SQL Server™ through support of the OLE Transactions two-phase commit protocol, and through common use of the Distributed Transaction Coordinator.

Support for Clients from Win32 to HTML

Microsoft Win32 “fat” clients and HTML “thin” clients can access MTS applications at the same time. This provides businesses with an unlimited number of client deployment options for MTS applications.

No Client Footprint

MTS does not require any specific code or libraries to operate on a client system that accesses MTS applications; thus lowering the cost and complexity of distributed applications.

Application Partitioning

Administrators can easily partition an application across ‘multiple servers by deploying an application NTs components into several packages, with each package running on its own server. This improves system fault isolation, while increasing application performance and scalability.

Automatic Support for Transactions

MTS automatically provides transaction support to applications running on the server, providing a reliable failure isolation and recovery mechanism. Transaction support is transparent to the application programmer. This is a considerable improvement compared to previous generations of transaction processing systems, where developers had to program low-level operation control primitives into their applications explicitly.

Process Isolation

Using MTS packages developers and administrators can easily isolate components, so they operate in their system process. It provides an additional level of failure isolation and data protection.

When a component registered with MTS, it runs as a separate process. The InProcServer32 key from the code is replaced with LocalServer32. It specifies Mtx.exe as a surrogate for the in-process server. Acting as a surrogate allows MTS to provide a wrapper for the real component.

Automatic Distributed Security Service

MTS provides a distributed security service integrated with Windows NT security. It allows developers to prevent unauthorized access to business applications, even if the application includes components purchased from third parties.

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